(2016a) showed that players' physical and tactical performances were altered by modifying the available pitch areas during SSGs (i.e., restricted-space: allowing players to only move within one pitch zone contiguous-space: allowing players to move to one neighbor zone and, free-space: unrestricted movement through all zones). More recently there are studies showing that players may adapt their movement behaviors according to manipulations on pitch spatial constraints. For example, increasing the number of players from 2-a-side to 5-a-side seems to increase movement regularity ( Aguiar et al., 2015). Accordingly, the pitch size and number of players were identified as key constraints to understand how players adapt their behavior ( Folgado et al., 2014b Gonçalves et al., 2016b). One reason for this popularity is that when task constraints are manipulated appropriately in the design of SSGs it is possible to concurrently train collective behaviors whilst also providing a specific physical stimulus ( Gonçalves et al., 2016a). Small-sided games (SSGs) have been used as a training method for developing physical, technical and tactical skills in soccer players ( Casamichana and Castellano, 2010 Travassos et al., 2014 Gonçalves et al., 2016b). Overall, coaches could manipulate the mental fatigue and reference lines to induce variability and adaptation in young soccer players' behavior. The results showed that mental fatigue affects the ability to use environmental information and players' positioning, while the additional reference lines may have enhanced the use of less relevant information to guide their actions during the #MEN condition. Also, there was a small decrease in the time spent longitudinally synchronized during the #MEN condition compared to MEN. There was a small decrease in time spent laterally synchronized and a moderate decrease in the contraction speed when MEN compared to the CTR. Unclear effects were found for the physical activity measures in most of the conditions. Positional data was used to determine individual (spatial exploration index, time synchronized in longitudinal and lateral directions) and team-related variables (length, width, speed of dispersion and contraction). Player's physical performance was assessed by the distance covered per minute and the number of accelerations and decelerations (0.5–3.0 m/s 2 > −3.0 m/s 2).
A repeated measures design allowed to compare players' performances across four conditions: (a) with mental fatigue against opponents without mental fatigue in a normal pitch (MEN), (b) with mental fatigue on a pitch with additional reference lines (#MEN) (c) without mental fatigue against mentally fatigued opponents on a normal pitch (CTR) and (d) without mental fatigue on a pitch with reference lines (#CTR). Prior to the game, one team performed a motor coordination task to induce mental fatigue, while the other one performed a control task. Twelve youth players performed four Gk+6vs6+Gk small-sided games. This study examined the effects of mental fatigue and additional corridor and pitch sector lines on players' physical and tactical performances during soccer small-sided games. 4Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia.3Sport Science Research Center, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China.2Department of Sports Sciences, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.1Sport Sciences, Exercise and Health Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.Diogo Coutinho 1 *, Bruno Gonçalves 1, Bruno Travassos 2, Del P.
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